- Amortization — Loan Amortization
- The process of paying off a loan through regular payments that cover both principal and interest. Early payments are mostly interest; later payments are mostly principal.
- Why it matters: Understanding amortization explains why paying extra early in a loan saves the most money — you're reducing the principal that interest is calculated on.
- Example: Month 1 of a $200,000 mortgage at 6%: your $1,199 payment splits as $1,000 interest + $199 principal. By month 300: only $47 goes to interest and $1,152 goes to principal.
- APR — Annual Percentage Rate
- The total yearly cost of borrowing money, including the interest rate plus any fees the lender charges. Think of it as the 'true price tag' on a loan.
- Why it matters: Lenders must show APR by law (Truth in Lending Act) because the interest rate alone can hide fees. Comparing APR across lenders is the most reliable way to find the cheapest loan.
- Example: You borrow $10,000 at 6% interest for 3 years, but there's a $300 origination fee. The interest rate is 6%, but the APR is 6.9% because it includes that fee. You'd pay $304/month and $946 total in interest.
- Closing Costs — Mortgage Closing Costs
- The fees paid when finalizing a home purchase or refinance — typically 2-5% of the loan amount. They include appraisal, title insurance, attorney fees, and lender fees.
- Why it matters: Closing costs can add $6,000-$15,000 to a home purchase that buyers don't always budget for. Some can be negotiated or rolled into the loan.
- Example: You buy a $300,000 home. Closing costs at 3% = $9,000. That includes: appraisal $500, title insurance $1,500, attorney $800, origination fee $3,000, taxes/escrow $3,200.
- DTI Ratio — Debt-to-Income Ratio
- The percentage of your monthly gross income that goes toward paying debts. Lenders use it to judge whether you can afford another loan payment.
- Why it matters: Most lenders want DTI below 36% for personal loans and below 43% for mortgages. Above that, you're considered overextended and likely to be denied.
- Example: You earn $5,000/month gross. Your debts: $1,200 mortgage + $300 car + $200 student loans = $1,700/month. DTI = 34%. A new $400/month loan would push you to 42% — risky for lenders.
- Escrow — Escrow Account
- An account managed by your mortgage lender that holds money for property taxes and homeowners insurance. A portion of each mortgage payment goes into escrow, and the lender pays these bills for you.
- Why it matters: Escrow ensures taxes and insurance are always paid on time (protecting the lender's investment). Your monthly payment may go up if taxes or insurance increase.
- Example: Your mortgage payment is $1,400: $1,050 principal+interest + $250 property taxes + $100 insurance. The $350 for taxes/insurance goes into escrow. The lender pays your tax bill in December from escrow.
- FHA Loan — Federal Housing Administration Loan
- A government-insured mortgage that allows lower down payments (as low as 3.5%) and lower credit score requirements (580+). The FHA insures the loan, reducing risk for lenders.
- Why it matters: FHA loans make homeownership accessible for first-time buyers and those with imperfect credit. The tradeoff: you must pay Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP) for the life of the loan.
- Example: You have a 620 credit score and $10,500 saved. On a $300,000 home: FHA lets you put 3.5% down ($10,500) vs. conventional requiring 5-20% down ($15,000-$60,000).
- Fixed Rate — Fixed Interest Rate
- An interest rate that stays the same for the entire life of the loan. Your monthly payment never changes.
- Why it matters: Fixed rates protect you from market changes. If rates go up, your payment stays the same. The tradeoff: fixed rates are usually slightly higher than starting variable rates.
- Example: You get a 30-year mortgage at 6.5% fixed. Whether rates rise to 9% or drop to 4% over the next 30 years, your payment stays at $1,264/month on a $200,000 loan.
- Interest Rate
- The percentage a lender charges you for borrowing their money, calculated on the amount you still owe. It's the lender's profit for taking the risk of lending to you.
- Why it matters: Even a 1% difference in interest rate can cost you thousands over a loan's life. Lower rates mean less money out of your pocket.
- Example: On a $20,000 car loan for 5 years: at 5% you pay $2,645 in interest. At 8% you pay $4,332. That 3% difference costs you $1,687 extra.
- Loan Term (Tenor) — Loan Term / Tenor
- How long you have to repay the loan, measured in months or years. A shorter term means higher monthly payments but less total interest paid.
- Why it matters: Longer terms feel more affordable monthly but cost much more overall. A 30-year mortgage costs almost double in interest compared to a 15-year mortgage on the same amount.
- Example: Borrowing $200,000 at 6.5%: A 15-year term costs $1,742/month ($113,561 total interest). A 30-year term costs $1,264/month ($255,088 total interest). You save $141,527 with the shorter term.
- LTV — Loan-to-Value Ratio
- The ratio of your loan amount to the property's appraised value, expressed as a percentage. It tells the lender how much of the home's value they're financing.
- Why it matters: LTV above 80% usually requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI), which adds $100-300/month. Lower LTV = lower risk for lender = better rate for you.
- Example: Home value: $300,000. Down payment: $60,000. Loan: $240,000. LTV = 80%. You avoid PMI. If you only put $30,000 down (90% LTV), you'd pay PMI until you reach 80%.
- Mortgage Refinancing
- Replacing your current mortgage with a new one, usually to get a lower rate, change the loan term, or pull cash out of your home equity.
- Why it matters: A 1% rate reduction on a $250,000 mortgage saves ~$150/month ($54,000 over 30 years). But closing costs of 2-5% mean you need to stay long enough to break even.
- Example: You have a $300,000 mortgage at 7.5% ($2,098/month). Rates drop to 6%. Refinancing costs $8,000 in closing. New payment: $1,799/month. Monthly savings: $299. Breakeven: 27 months.
- PMI — Private Mortgage Insurance
- Insurance that protects the LENDER (not you) if you default on a mortgage with less than 20% down payment. You pay the premium, but it only covers the lender's loss.
- Why it matters: PMI typically costs 0.5-1.5% of the loan per year and adds nothing to your equity. Once you reach 20% equity, you can request it be removed.
- Example: On a $250,000 loan with 10% down, PMI at 0.8% = $2,000/year ($167/month). After 5 years, your home's value rises and your equity reaches 20%. You request PMI removal and save $167/month.
- Points (Discount Points) — Mortgage Discount Points
- Upfront fees you pay to the lender at closing to buy a lower interest rate. One point = 1% of the loan amount and typically reduces your rate by 0.25%.
- Why it matters: Points make sense if you plan to stay in the home long enough for the monthly savings to exceed the upfront cost. That breakeven point is usually 4-6 years.
- Example: On a $250,000 mortgage at 6.5%: you pay 1 point ($2,500) to get 6.25%. Monthly payment drops from $1,580 to $1,539 — saving $41/month. Breakeven in 61 months (5 years).
- Prepayment Penalty
- A fee some lenders charge if you pay off your loan early. The lender loses the interest they expected to earn, so they penalize you for leaving early.
- Why it matters: Always ask about prepayment penalties before signing. They can trap you in a high-rate loan even if you find a better deal to refinance into.
- Example: Your mortgage has a 2% prepayment penalty for the first 3 years. If you refinance after year 2 on a $200,000 balance, you'd owe a $4,000 penalty fee.
- Refinancing — Loan Refinancing
- Replacing your current loan with a new one, usually at a lower interest rate or with different terms. The new loan pays off the old one.
- Why it matters: Refinancing can save thousands if rates drop or your credit improves. But watch for fees — a $3,000 refinancing cost needs to be offset by monthly savings.
- Example: You have a $180,000 mortgage at 7.5% ($1,259/month). You refinance to 6% ($1,079/month), saving $180/month. With $3,000 in closing costs, you break even in 17 months.