Common terms that come up when comparing Credit Repair providers. Full glossary at creditdoc.co/glossary/.
- Balance Transfer — Credit Card Balance Transfer
- Moving debt from one credit card to another, usually to take advantage of a lower interest rate (often 0% for 12-21 months). There's typically a 3-5% transfer fee.
- Why it matters: A 0% balance transfer can save hundreds in interest and help you pay down debt faster. But you must pay off the balance before the promotional period ends, or the rate jumps.
- Example: You owe $8,000 at 22% APR ($147/month in interest). You transfer to a 0% APR card with a 3% fee ($240). For 18 months, $0 interest. If you pay $444/month, you're debt-free before the promo ends.
- CFPB — Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- A federal agency created in 2010 to protect consumers from unfair financial practices. They write rules, supervise financial companies, and handle consumer complaints.
- Why it matters: The CFPB is your most powerful ally against predatory lenders. Filing a complaint with them gets a response from the company within 15 days — companies take CFPB complaints seriously.
- Example: A debt collector calls your workplace after you told them to stop. You file a CFPB complaint online. Within 15 days, the collection agency responds and agrees to stop. The CFPB tracks complaint patterns across all companies.
- Charge-Off
- When a creditor declares your debt a loss after 180 days of nonpayment and removes it from their books. But you still owe the money — they just stop expecting to collect it themselves.
- Why it matters: A charge-off is one of the most damaging entries on your credit report and stays for 7 years. The debt is usually sold to a collection agency who will pursue you for it.
- Example: You stop paying your $4,000 credit card. After 180 days, the bank charges it off and sells the debt to a collector for $800. The collector now contacts you demanding the full $4,000 (they profit from what they collect above $800).
- Collections — Debt Collections
- When an unpaid debt is transferred or sold to a third-party collection agency that specializes in recovering the money. Collection accounts appear on your credit report for 7 years.
- Why it matters: Even a $50 collection account can drop your score 50-100 points. Some newer FICO models (FICO 9) ignore paid collections, but many lenders still use older models.
- Example: An old $200 gym bill goes to collections. It appears on all 3 credit reports and drops your 720 score to 640. Paying it helps with newer scoring models but under FICO 8 (still widely used), a paid collection still hurts.
- Credit Bureau — Credit Reporting Agency (Bureau)
- A company that collects and sells information about your credit history. The three major bureaus are Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion.
- Why it matters: Not all lenders report to all three bureaus, so your reports may differ. You should check all three reports because an error on one could be costing you money.
- Example: Your car loan only reports to Equifax and TransUnion. Your Experian report doesn't show that good payment history, so your Experian score is 15 points lower.
- Credit Freeze — Security Freeze / Credit Freeze
- A free tool that locks your credit report so no one (including you) can open new accounts until you lift it. It's the strongest protection against identity theft.
- Why it matters: A credit freeze prevents criminals from opening loans in your name, even if they have your Social Security number. It's free by law and doesn't affect your credit score.
- Example: Your data was in a breach. You freeze your credit at all 3 bureaus (takes 10 minutes online). A thief tries to open a credit card in your name — denied because the lender can't pull your frozen report.
- Credit Mix — Credit Mix (Types of Credit)
- The variety of credit accounts you have — credit cards (revolving), auto loans (installment), mortgage, student loans, etc. Having multiple types shows you can manage different kinds of debt.
- Why it matters: Credit mix accounts for about 10% of your FICO score. Having only credit cards isn't as strong as having a card, an installment loan, and a mortgage.
- Example: Borrower A has 3 credit cards. Borrower B has 2 credit cards, a car loan, and a student loan. Even with the same payment history and utilization, Borrower B's score is typically higher.
- Credit Report — Consumer Credit Report
- A detailed record of your borrowing history maintained by credit bureaus. It lists every loan, credit card, payment history, collection, and public record tied to your name.
- Why it matters: Errors on credit reports are common — 1 in 5 consumers has at least one mistake. Checking your report regularly is the first step to fixing errors that are costing you money.
- Example: You pull your free report from AnnualCreditReport.com and find a $2,400 medical collection you already paid. You dispute it, the bureau verifies it's resolved, and your score goes up 40 points.
- Credit Score
- A 3-digit number (300-850) that summarizes how reliably you've handled borrowed money. Higher scores mean lower risk to lenders and better loan terms for you.
- Why it matters: Your credit score determines whether you get approved and at what rate. A 100-point difference can mean thousands of dollars more or less in interest over a loan's life.
- Example: On a $250,000 30-year mortgage: a 760 score gets you 6.2% ($1,536/month). A 660 score gets 7.4% ($1,729/month). Over 30 years, the lower score costs you $69,480 more.
- Credit Utilization — Credit Utilization Ratio
- The percentage of your available credit that you're currently using. If you have $10,000 in credit limits and owe $3,000, your utilization is 30%.
- Why it matters: Utilization is the second-biggest factor in your credit score (after payment history). Keeping it below 30% helps your score; below 10% is ideal.
- Example: You have 3 cards with a $15,000 total limit. You're carrying $4,500 in balances (30% utilization). Paying down to $1,500 (10% utilization) could boost your score by 20-50 points.
- CROA — Credit Repair Organizations Act
- A federal law that regulates credit repair companies. It bans them from charging upfront fees, making false promises, and requires written contracts with a 3-day cancellation right.
- Why it matters: CROA protects you from credit repair scams. If a company demands payment before doing any work, they're likely violating federal law. Legitimate companies charge after results.
- Example: A company says 'Pay $500 upfront and we'll remove all negative items guaranteed.' That violates CROA on two counts: upfront fees and guaranteed results. Legitimate companies charge monthly after work begins.
- FCRA — Fair Credit Reporting Act
- The federal law that regulates how credit bureaus collect, share, and use your information. It gives you the right to see your report, dispute errors, and limit who can access it.
- Why it matters: FCRA is the legal basis for disputing errors on your credit report. Bureaus must investigate within 30 days and remove inaccurate information. You can sue if they violate your rights.
- Example: You dispute an incorrect collection on your Equifax report. Under FCRA, Equifax has 30 days to investigate. If they can't verify it, they must remove it. If they ignore your dispute, you can sue for damages.
- FDCPA — Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
- A federal law that limits what debt collectors can do. They can't call before 8am or after 9pm, can't harass you, can't lie, and must stop contacting you if you request in writing.
- Why it matters: Knowing your FDCPA rights stops abusive collection tactics. If a collector violates the law, you can sue for up to $1,000 per violation plus attorney fees.
- Example: A collector calls your workplace 3 times after you told them not to. That's 3 FDCPA violations. You hire a consumer attorney (free — they get paid by the collector). The collector settles for $3,000.
- FICO Score — Fair Isaac Corporation Score
- The most widely used credit scoring model, created by Fair Isaac Corporation. 90% of top lenders use FICO scores for lending decisions.
- Why it matters: FICO has many versions (FICO 8, 9, 10). Mortgage lenders still use older versions (FICO 2, 4, 5), so your mortgage score may differ from what free apps show you.
- Example: Your FICO 8 score (used for credit cards) is 740. Your FICO 5 score (used for mortgages) is 725 because it weighs collections differently. Same credit history, different scores.
- Hard Inquiry — Hard Credit Inquiry (Hard Pull)
- When a lender checks your credit report because you've applied for credit. Each hard inquiry can lower your score by 5-10 points and stays on your report for 2 years.
- Why it matters: Multiple hard inquiries in a short period suggest you're desperately seeking credit, which is a red flag. Exception: mortgage and auto loan shopping within 14-45 days counts as one inquiry.
- Example: You apply for 5 credit cards in one month. Each application triggers a hard inquiry. Your score drops 25-50 points from the inquiries alone, making each subsequent application harder.